1.) The Origins of Free Expression and a Free Press
America as a whole has a lot more freedom of press than a lot of other countries because some of things that are allowed to be said about political figures or famous people, could get someone killed in a different country if they were to say something negative about their leaders. Campbell states that some countries believe freedom of speech and press can "undermine the delicate stability of their social an political infrastructures." Campbell supports this by saying under the communist or state model, journalists are encouraged and expected to support the common goals of the state. This is convincing, however something that will probably never happen in the U.S.
2.)Social and Political Pressure on the Movies
People have critized movies for quite sometime now an how they feel they deeply affect "the effects on children, the potential health problems, the negative influences on morals and manners and the lack of a proper role model for educational and religious institutions in the development of movies" (Douglas Gomery). In 1920 the U.S. had established some form of movie censorship with a board consisting of politicians, squad officers, or citizen groups.
3.)Obscenity is becoming one of the more controversial aspects in media. It seems that as time goes on, the public allows more and more obscenity to be used throughout the media. A great example of this is the obscene lyrics that are used in many popular albums that are out today. Another popular one is nudity that is becoming more acceptable in today's society.
Tuesday, June 3, 2008
Chapter 15 summaries
1.) Early Development in Media Research
In the early days media analysis was done based on political an moral arguments because the advancement of technology was not yet introduced. Not until the 1920's and 1930's did media research develop. Researchers wanted to expand data collection to find out all the effects that media had on people. The media uses different ways to find data such as: propaganda analysis, public opinion research, social psychology studies and marketing research. All of these help researchers develop outcomes for how popular a tv show, etc. This is convincing because I have done surveys or voting for polls so they can get a final analysis on a subject.
2.) Research on Media Effects
Campbell states "A major goal of scientific research is to develop theories or laws that can consistntly explain or predict human behavior." Because of peoples economical, political or cultural differences, researchers have a difficult time gathering accurate theories and outcomes that give 100% hones information. Fortunately, there are approaches that help researches make their information more precise and these are followed by doing experiements and have a hypothesis.
3.) Cultural Approaches to Media Research
Campbell asserts that researchers have switched from scientific approaches to more realistic approaches; more literary and cultural approaches. Campbell says that researchers from Germany, Max Horheimer, T.W. Adorno, and Leo Lowenthal pointed out 3 "inadequacies of traditional scientific approaches, saying they (1) reduced large 'cultural questions' to measurable and 'verifiable categories'; (2) depended on 'an atmosphere of rigidly enforced neutrality'; and (3) refused to place 'the phenomena of modern life in a 'historical and moral context.'
In the early days media analysis was done based on political an moral arguments because the advancement of technology was not yet introduced. Not until the 1920's and 1930's did media research develop. Researchers wanted to expand data collection to find out all the effects that media had on people. The media uses different ways to find data such as: propaganda analysis, public opinion research, social psychology studies and marketing research. All of these help researchers develop outcomes for how popular a tv show, etc. This is convincing because I have done surveys or voting for polls so they can get a final analysis on a subject.
2.) Research on Media Effects
Campbell states "A major goal of scientific research is to develop theories or laws that can consistntly explain or predict human behavior." Because of peoples economical, political or cultural differences, researchers have a difficult time gathering accurate theories and outcomes that give 100% hones information. Fortunately, there are approaches that help researches make their information more precise and these are followed by doing experiements and have a hypothesis.
3.) Cultural Approaches to Media Research
Campbell asserts that researchers have switched from scientific approaches to more realistic approaches; more literary and cultural approaches. Campbell says that researchers from Germany, Max Horheimer, T.W. Adorno, and Leo Lowenthal pointed out 3 "inadequacies of traditional scientific approaches, saying they (1) reduced large 'cultural questions' to measurable and 'verifiable categories'; (2) depended on 'an atmosphere of rigidly enforced neutrality'; and (3) refused to place 'the phenomena of modern life in a 'historical and moral context.'
Chapter 14 summaries
1.) Ethics and the News Media
It is very hard for journalists in the news sometimes. Campbell asserts "When is it right to protect government secrets and when should those secrets- obtained through reporting- be revealed to the public?" Some of the things that reporters and new anchors take advantage of are intentional deception, privacy invasions, and conflicts of interest. One example is that journalists will deceive people by disguising themselves or use fake identities, which is when people start to question the ethics of journalism.
2.) Reporting Rituals and the Legacy of Print Journalism
Throughout the 1800's publishers found more ways to present information in way that appealed to people of different classes and cultures, and in doing this with modern technology, they were abl to cut costs back. Modern journalism was formed in 1840 when the telegraph was first used in the U.S. to enable news information across the states. This new idea presented a new outlook: to focus on present news and not history. It is important for journalists to get a good story, but more importantly, making sure they have something that is worth telling. This is convincing because we as people do not want to listen to things that do not matter or do not seem important enough to talk about.
3.)Journalism in the Age of Television
TV journalism has become a pretty prominent media form for the last 30 years. Like print journalism has only a certain amount of space they can write their stories in a newspaper, a tv journalist has a certain amount of time to tell their story in. People are more into tv journalism because , as Campbell asserts people are more attached to and view tv as a more intimate and personal presentation, also people do not have to go out and buy a newspaper and read, they can relax and watch it for free at their homes. TV journalism is viewed as sometimes more credible because its usually filmed live at the scene, so there is proof. This is convincing.
It is very hard for journalists in the news sometimes. Campbell asserts "When is it right to protect government secrets and when should those secrets- obtained through reporting- be revealed to the public?" Some of the things that reporters and new anchors take advantage of are intentional deception, privacy invasions, and conflicts of interest. One example is that journalists will deceive people by disguising themselves or use fake identities, which is when people start to question the ethics of journalism.
2.) Reporting Rituals and the Legacy of Print Journalism
Throughout the 1800's publishers found more ways to present information in way that appealed to people of different classes and cultures, and in doing this with modern technology, they were abl to cut costs back. Modern journalism was formed in 1840 when the telegraph was first used in the U.S. to enable news information across the states. This new idea presented a new outlook: to focus on present news and not history. It is important for journalists to get a good story, but more importantly, making sure they have something that is worth telling. This is convincing because we as people do not want to listen to things that do not matter or do not seem important enough to talk about.
3.)Journalism in the Age of Television
TV journalism has become a pretty prominent media form for the last 30 years. Like print journalism has only a certain amount of space they can write their stories in a newspaper, a tv journalist has a certain amount of time to tell their story in. People are more into tv journalism because , as Campbell asserts people are more attached to and view tv as a more intimate and personal presentation, also people do not have to go out and buy a newspaper and read, they can relax and watch it for free at their homes. TV journalism is viewed as sometimes more credible because its usually filmed live at the scene, so there is proof. This is convincing.
Monday, June 2, 2008
Chapter 5: Television
What are the main points?
-the beginning of television
-the movement of popularity from news to drama/comedy
-a shift away from network ownership
What evidence does the author use to support these claims?
-in 1948 only 1 percent of American homes had a television but by the early 1960s it jumped to 90 percent of American homes. Early television shows grabbed their ideas from popular radio shows which began the decline in radio listening and purchases. by the 1940s the FCC began to assign channels in specific geographic areas which posed problems for certain areas once more stations were added. Not only did radio stations suffer from the popularity of television but also theaters, nightclubs, and taxi receipts. New channels were constantly being added and the time slots for shows went from 15 minutes to 3o minutes of more. More over, the advertising business became more competitive and more expensive fighting for the prime time spots. And as quiz shows became popular the separation of the privileged few and the general public became more apparent.
-From 1955 to 1957 the three major networks (NBC, CBS, and ABC) slowly moved their entertainment division to Los Angeles. during the late 1940s there was an immense growth in broadcast journalism starting with Meet the Press in 1947. Eventually out came the nightly news shows and the daily news shows, some examples being NBC Nightly News or CBS Evening News. To try and mimic the success of 60 Minutes, TV newsmagazines came onto the seen highlighting on about three stories per episode and fitting into a 1 hour time slot 3-days a week. From there more interest was on Sketch comedy which included singing, dancing, and acrobats or on situational comedy which was a half hour comedy series. Although comedy stayed around a new age of drama began to emerge anthology drama which brought live dramatic theater to TV and then to episodic series which were week to week story concepts.
-Starting in the late 50s and ending at the end of the 70s what the network era, a time where networks gained control over TV's content. But technology began to shift to where people could rent videos or record shows and watch them at a later time and network TV was declining. In addition, new networks were emerging who were recording their shows and then selling them in certain time slots. At first such networks weren't making any money but eventually by the early 90s Fox was a rival of the "big three".
Is this evidence convincing?
Yes
Would someone from a different world view be convinced?
Not if they have never watched television or owned one. I think this is something you understand more when you have used the device or seen the growth of television first hand.
-the beginning of television
-the movement of popularity from news to drama/comedy
-a shift away from network ownership
What evidence does the author use to support these claims?
-in 1948 only 1 percent of American homes had a television but by the early 1960s it jumped to 90 percent of American homes. Early television shows grabbed their ideas from popular radio shows which began the decline in radio listening and purchases. by the 1940s the FCC began to assign channels in specific geographic areas which posed problems for certain areas once more stations were added. Not only did radio stations suffer from the popularity of television but also theaters, nightclubs, and taxi receipts. New channels were constantly being added and the time slots for shows went from 15 minutes to 3o minutes of more. More over, the advertising business became more competitive and more expensive fighting for the prime time spots. And as quiz shows became popular the separation of the privileged few and the general public became more apparent.
-From 1955 to 1957 the three major networks (NBC, CBS, and ABC) slowly moved their entertainment division to Los Angeles. during the late 1940s there was an immense growth in broadcast journalism starting with Meet the Press in 1947. Eventually out came the nightly news shows and the daily news shows, some examples being NBC Nightly News or CBS Evening News. To try and mimic the success of 60 Minutes, TV newsmagazines came onto the seen highlighting on about three stories per episode and fitting into a 1 hour time slot 3-days a week. From there more interest was on Sketch comedy which included singing, dancing, and acrobats or on situational comedy which was a half hour comedy series. Although comedy stayed around a new age of drama began to emerge anthology drama which brought live dramatic theater to TV and then to episodic series which were week to week story concepts.
-Starting in the late 50s and ending at the end of the 70s what the network era, a time where networks gained control over TV's content. But technology began to shift to where people could rent videos or record shows and watch them at a later time and network TV was declining. In addition, new networks were emerging who were recording their shows and then selling them in certain time slots. At first such networks weren't making any money but eventually by the early 90s Fox was a rival of the "big three".
Is this evidence convincing?
Yes
Would someone from a different world view be convinced?
Not if they have never watched television or owned one. I think this is something you understand more when you have used the device or seen the growth of television first hand.
Sunday, June 1, 2008
Chapter 12: Public Relations
What are the main points?
-Movement from promoting railroad tracks to corporations and people of power.
-Public relations involves many practices and techniques.
-The on going rivalry between the press and PR
What evidence foes the author provide to support these claims?
-In the early 1900s Ivy Ledbetter Lee was thought of as one of the founders of modern PR. He started off promoting railroads and the oil industry. He worked towards promoting positive press by improving conditions for the workers and trying to shine the best light on a client. Unfortunately not all his techniques were the best and later was investigated for counseling the German industry during the Nazi regime. Edwards Bernays was another founding father who applied psychology and sociology to the business of PR. He taught the first PR class, wrote the first textbook for PR, and watched the popularity grow in colleges and PR course became more common.
- There is more to PR then just press releases and damage control some daily tasks are publicity, government relations, financial PR, advertising, promotion, and many more. There are also such things as writing and editing in terms of press releases, video news releases, and public service announcements. Moreover, there is media relations, special events, research, community and consumer relations, government relations, and lobbying. It is a billion dollar industry that only has room for improvement and movement.
- Newspapers and PR agencies have always had problems and conflict. Part of the problem is that newspapers worry about credibility when they can't receive direct quotes and don't always know who the source. But the ease of receiving tips from PR agents has created laziness in some reporters when they won't even start researching a story until they receive word from a PR agent. Even though they work so closely together and depend on each other the worry of facts and news being manipulated is still there.
In the evidence convincing?
Yes
Would someone from a different world view be convinced?
Yes
-Movement from promoting railroad tracks to corporations and people of power.
-Public relations involves many practices and techniques.
-The on going rivalry between the press and PR
What evidence foes the author provide to support these claims?
-In the early 1900s Ivy Ledbetter Lee was thought of as one of the founders of modern PR. He started off promoting railroads and the oil industry. He worked towards promoting positive press by improving conditions for the workers and trying to shine the best light on a client. Unfortunately not all his techniques were the best and later was investigated for counseling the German industry during the Nazi regime. Edwards Bernays was another founding father who applied psychology and sociology to the business of PR. He taught the first PR class, wrote the first textbook for PR, and watched the popularity grow in colleges and PR course became more common.
- There is more to PR then just press releases and damage control some daily tasks are publicity, government relations, financial PR, advertising, promotion, and many more. There are also such things as writing and editing in terms of press releases, video news releases, and public service announcements. Moreover, there is media relations, special events, research, community and consumer relations, government relations, and lobbying. It is a billion dollar industry that only has room for improvement and movement.
- Newspapers and PR agencies have always had problems and conflict. Part of the problem is that newspapers worry about credibility when they can't receive direct quotes and don't always know who the source. But the ease of receiving tips from PR agents has created laziness in some reporters when they won't even start researching a story until they receive word from a PR agent. Even though they work so closely together and depend on each other the worry of facts and news being manipulated is still there.
In the evidence convincing?
Yes
Would someone from a different world view be convinced?
Yes
Chapter 2: The Internet and New Technologies
What are the Main Points?
-the progression and advancements of internet
- converging media in terms of digital technology
-different ownerships of internet
What evidence does the author provide to support these claims?
-The author discusses how the internet's original development was used for military and academic research. But as people got a hold of the technology and began to make it more commercial it spread into households, businesses, and schools quite rapidly. In addition, with the introduction of instant communication, e-mail, it became more pleasing to the average person. Also as it grew more companies came out with new ways to draw people into their company with advancements like instant messaging and such.
-Media convergence is mixing of content of such things like audio, video, and data and which represents dramatic cultural and economic changes. Without media convergence there wouldn't be and audience for the content. In addition to convergence there has also been advancements with such things as digital communication, microprocessors, and fiber-optic cable.
-Most of the top competitors are constantly finding new ways to out do the other, whether it be with a new instant messaging outlet or a faster search engine. There are now so many different ways to voice your opinion online too with things such as blogs, Wiki web sites, and social networking sites that its hard to know who owns what. Its weird to think that the information highway was once a nonprofit organization controlled by the government.
Is the evidence convincing?
Yes it is especially since the author gives multiple credible statistics
Would someone from a different world view be convinced?
Yes, cause it is used by everyone around the world and its basically discussing the time line of the internet.
-the progression and advancements of internet
- converging media in terms of digital technology
-different ownerships of internet
What evidence does the author provide to support these claims?
-The author discusses how the internet's original development was used for military and academic research. But as people got a hold of the technology and began to make it more commercial it spread into households, businesses, and schools quite rapidly. In addition, with the introduction of instant communication, e-mail, it became more pleasing to the average person. Also as it grew more companies came out with new ways to draw people into their company with advancements like instant messaging and such.
-Media convergence is mixing of content of such things like audio, video, and data and which represents dramatic cultural and economic changes. Without media convergence there wouldn't be and audience for the content. In addition to convergence there has also been advancements with such things as digital communication, microprocessors, and fiber-optic cable.
-Most of the top competitors are constantly finding new ways to out do the other, whether it be with a new instant messaging outlet or a faster search engine. There are now so many different ways to voice your opinion online too with things such as blogs, Wiki web sites, and social networking sites that its hard to know who owns what. Its weird to think that the information highway was once a nonprofit organization controlled by the government.
Is the evidence convincing?
Yes it is especially since the author gives multiple credible statistics
Would someone from a different world view be convinced?
Yes, cause it is used by everyone around the world and its basically discussing the time line of the internet.
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